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This report presents the economics of Phosphoric Acid production from phosphate rock in the United States via a dihydrate wet process. In this process, phosphate rock is digested with sulfuric acid to producing Phosphoric Acid with the precipitation of calcium sulfate dihydrate. Phosphoric acid is further concentrated to a final product containing 54 wt% of P2O5.
This report presents the economics of Phosphoric Acid production from phosphate rock in the United States via a hemidihydrate wet process with intermediate separation of the hemihydrate. The Phosphoric acid produced is subjected to a further concentration step to obtain a final product containing 54 wt% of P2O5.
This report presents the economics of Phosphoric Acid production from phosphate rock in the United States via a hemihydrate wet process. In this process, phosphate rock digestion with sulfuric acid proceeds in two distinct zones, with the precipitation of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. The Phosphoric acid produced is subjected to a further concentration step to obtain a final product containing 54 wt% of P2O5.
This report presents the economics of Phosphoric Acid production from phosphate rock in the United States via a hydrochloric acid route similar to the one developed by the Israel Mining Industry (IMI). In this process, phosphate rock is dissolved by hydrochloric acid, resulting in an aqueous solution of calcium chloride and Phosphoric Acid. The Phosphoric Acid is separated from the solution via solvent extraction and further concentrated to obtain a final product containing 69 wt% of P2O5.
This report presents the economics of an integrated process for the production of Phosphoric Acid from phosphate rock involving: (1) the production of elemental phosphorus from phosphate rock; and (2) the production of Phosphoric Acid from elemental phosphorus via a thermal process. The final product obtained in this process is Phosphoric Acid containing 54 wt% of P2O5. The economic analysis performed is based on a plant constructed in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Phosphoric Acid production from phosphorus in the United States via a typical thermal process. In this process, elemental phosphorus is burned in a combustion chamber forming phosphorus pentoxide, which is then hydrated to produce Phosphoric Acid containing 54 wt% of P2O5.
This report presents a feasibility study of Phosphoric Acid Polyether production in a United States-based facility. In this case, phosphoric acid is the starter of the acid-catalyzed alkoxylation reaction to oligomerize propylene oxide.
This feasibility study examines the economics of a process producing Phthalic Anhydride from naphthalene. In the process examined naphthalene is oxidized by air in a fluidized bed reactor. The economic analysis performed is based on a plant constructed in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Phthalic Anhydride production from o-xylene based on a conventional vapor phase oxidation. The economic analysis presented assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Phthalic Anhydride production from o-xylene based on a conventional vapor phase oxidation. This report is based on a Low Air Ratio (LAR) process, in which the amount of air supplied to oxidation reaction is reduced to air/o-xylene weight ratio of 9.5:1. The economic analysis presented assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report analyses the economics of Polyacrylamide Powder production from acrylamide in the United States.
This report presents a techno-economic analysis of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Precursor production in the United States via aqueous dispersion polymerization of acrylonitrile with methyl acrylate comonomer followed by transformation steps to become a fiber.
This report presents the economics of Polyaluminum Chloride powder production from aluminum oxide and hydrochloric acid in the United States. Hydrochloric acid and aluminum oxide are fed to a reactor under constant agitation. The reactor product is cooled, filtered and then passed through a spray dryer, yielding a powder containing 30 wt% of aluminum expressed as aluminum oxide.
This report presents the economics of Polyaluminum Chloride solution production from aluminum oxide and hydrochloric acid in the United States. Hydrochloric acid and aluminum oxide are fed to a reactor under constant agitation. The reactor is heated and the polymerization takes place. The product is cooled and then filtered, yielding a solution containing 18 wt% of aluminum expressed as aluminum oxide.
This report presents the economics of Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) production from aluminum hydroxide, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and calcium carbonate in the United States. Initially, aluminum hydroxide is digested with sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, generating PAC. The polymer solution is then neutralized with calcium carbonate to remove sulfate ions.
This report presents the economics of Polybutadiene production from butadiene in the United States, via a typical solution process. In this process, butadiene is polymerized in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst and a solvent to produce Polybutadiene.
This report presents an economic analysis of an integrated unit for producing Polybutadiene starting from n-butane located in the United States. Initially, n-butane is dehydrogenated to butadiene, using a process similar to Lummus Catadiene. Then, the butadiene is polymerized to polybutadiene via a typical solution process.
This report presents the economics of Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) production from glucose and butanediol in the United States. The examined process combines a fermentative process for succinic acid generation from glucose syrup with a process similar to Uhde Inventa-Fischer for generating Polybutylene Succinate from succinic acid generated and butanediol.
This report presents the economics of Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) production from raw sugar and butanediol in Germany. The examined process combines a process for succinic acid generation from raw sugar with a process similar to Uhde Inventa-Fischer for generating Polybutylene Succinate from succinic acid and butanediol.
This report presents the economics of Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) production from succinic acid and butanediol using a process similar to Uhde Inventa-Fischer process. The economic assessment assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) production from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) in the United States, via a typical transesterification/polycondensation process. In this process, DMT is transesterified with 1,4-butanediol followed by polycondensation, yielding PBT.
This study presents the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from bisphenol A (BPA) and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) in the United States, via a typical melt process. In this process, DPC is transesterified with BPA to form PC and phenol as by-product. The reaction is conducted in oligomerization and polymerization.
It presents the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from bisphenol A (BPA) and ethylene oxide in the United States, via a typical melt polymerization of BPA with diphenyl carbonate (DPC) via transesterification. The BPC is generated by oxidative carbonylation of phenol with ethylene oxide. Ethylene glycol is generated as a by-product.
This report presents the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from bisphenol A (BPA) and phosgene in the United States, via a typical interfacial process. In this process, BPA, dissolved in a caustic soda solution, is reacted with phosgene, in an organic solution, at the interface of the two phases. The carbonate oligomers produced are then polycondensed to Polycarbonate.
It presents the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from bisphenol A (BPA), phenol and methanol in the United States. Initially, methanol is carbonylated with carbon monoxide, producing dialkyl carbonate which are reacted with phenol to form diphenyl carbonate. It is then transesterified with BPA and polycondensed to generate PC.
It presents the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from bisphenol A (BPA), phenol and phosgene in the United States, via a typical melt process integrated with a diphenyl carbonate (DPC) production unit. Initially, phenol is phosgenated to produce DPC. Then, the DPC is transesterified with BPA and polycondensed to generate PC.
This report analyses the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from phenol, acetone and phosgene in the United States. Initially, BPA is manufactured by condensation of phenol with acetone. Then, BPA is reacted with phosgene at the interface of a two-phase mixture. The carbonate oligomers produced are then polycondensed to Polycarbonate resin.
This report presents the economics of Polycarbonate (PC) production from phenol, acetone, and methanol in the United States. BPA is manufactured by condensation of phenol with acetone. To form diphenyl carbonate (DPC), methanol is carbonylated producing dialkyl carbonate which is reacted with phenol. The DPC and BPA are transesterified and polycondensed to generate PC.
This study provides an economic analysis of Polychloroprene production starting from butadiene and chlorine, based on a plant located in the United States. In the first step, butadiene is chlorinated, generating dichlorobutenes, which are subjected to an isomerization to convert them to 3,4-dichloro-1-butene. It is then dehydrochlorinated, forming chloroprene. Finally, chloroprene is polymerized to the respective rubber.
This report presents the economics of Chloroprene Rubber (or Polychloroprene) production from chloroprene using a typical emulsion process. The economic analysis is based on a plant constructed in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Polyester Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) production from methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and poly(1,4-butanediol adipate) in the United States, via a typical one-shot polymerization in a twin-screw reactive extruder.
This report examines the costs related to Flexible Slabstock Polyether Polyurethane production from toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and a polyether triol in the United States, via a typical foaming process.
It presents the economics of Flexible Slabstock Polyether Polyurethane production from toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and a polyether triol in the United States. The process examined in this report is a typical variable pressure foaming (VPF) process.
This study presents the economics of Polyether Themoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) production from methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) in the United States, via a typical one-shot polymerization in a twin-screw reactive extruder.
This report presents the economics of Polyethylene Furanoate (PEF) production from monoethylene glycol (MEG) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). In the process under analysis, FDCA and MEG are polymerized to PEF in two polymerization steps: melt-phase polymerization and solid-state polymerization. The economic analysis provided assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report, in turn, presents the economics of Polyethylene Furanoate (PEF) production from monoethylene glycol (MEG) and glucose syrup in the United States. In this process, a glucose is isomerized to fructose. Then, fructose is converted to methoxy methyl furan (MMF) intermediate, which is oxidized to FDCA. This process is similar to Avantium YXY. FDCA generated and MEG are then polymerized to PEF in melt-phase and solid-state polymerization.
This report presents the economics of Polyethylene Furanoate (PEF) production from raw sugar and monoethylene glycol (MEG) similar to Avantium YXY in Germany. Initially, raw sugar is inverted to fructose and glucose, which is isomerized to fructose. Then, fructose is converted to methoxy methyl furan (MMF), which is oxidized to FDCA. FDCA generated and MEG are then polymerized to PEF in melt-phase and solid-state polymerization.
It presents the economics of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) production from ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid (PTA) in the USA. The process examined in this report is a melt-phase process and solid-state polymerization similar to Invista NG3.
This report presents the economics of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) production from ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid (PTA) in the United States, via a typical melt-phase process followed by a solid-state polymerization. Initially, oligomers are produced by the esterification of PTA with ethylene glycol. The oligomer then undergoes a melt-polymerization and a solid-state polymerization, yielding PET.
This study approaches the economics of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from natural gas in the United States. In the process examined, methane contained in the natural gas feedstock is fermented to Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by a mixed methanotrophic culture of bacteria.