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This publication approaches a typical Odda Process for NPK Fertilizer production using rock phosphate, ammonia, nitric acid and carbon dioxide. Initially, rock phosphate is digested with nitric acid. Calcium nitrate is removed by crystallization from the NP solution, which is neutralized by addition of gaseous ammonia. To produce NPK potassium chloride or sulfate is finally admixed. The product formulation is 16-16-16 (16% N, 16% P2O5, 16% K2O). The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of a typical phosphonitric process for NPK Fertilizer production in the United States from rock phosphate, phosphoric acid, ammonia, and nitric acid. Initially, rock phosphate is digested with nitric acid and phosphoric acid. The NP solution generated is then neutralized with gaseous ammonia. To produce NPK potassium chloride or sulfate is finally admixed. The product formulation is 15-15-15 (15% N, 15% P2O5, 15% K2O).
This report presents the economics of Nylon 6 production from caprolactam. The typical process analyzed consists of a batch ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam via the hydrolytic mechanism. The economic assessment assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Nylon 6 production from caprolactam in the United States. The process examined is a typical continuous ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam via the hydrolytic mechanism, carried out in two stages, similar to technologies developed/licensed by Thyssenkrupp (Uhde Inventa-Fischer) and Air Liquide (Lurgi Zimmer). An aminoacid is the intermediate for condensation.
This report presents the economics of Nylon 6,6 production from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) via formation of hexamethylene diamonium adipate salt in the United States. The process analyzed consists of a typical batch polycondensation process.
This report presents the economics of Nylon 6,6 production from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) via formation of hexamethylene diamonium adipate salt in the United States. The process analyzed consists of a continuous polycondensation process.
This report presents the economics of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane production via dimethyldichlorosilanes hydrolysis. The study assumes a conventional plant located in the United States receiving a feed of dimethyldichlorosilanes. Cyclization is performed by heating the hydrolysis mixture with potassium hydroxide.
This report presents an economic analysis for the production of Mixed Octenes starting from butenes. In this process, butenes are dimerized to octenes, using an organometalic catalyst. The study concerns a plant based on a process similar to Axens Dimersol-X and located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Orthophthalic Unsaturated Polyester production from phthalic and maleic anhydrides, monoethylene glycol, diethyelene glycol, propylene glycol and styrene using a typical batch process. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Oxalic Acid production from sugar and nitric acid in the United States, via a typical oxidation process. In this process, sugar is hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose, which are oxidized to oxalic acid by a nitric-sulfuric acid mixture.
This report analyses the economics of p-Nitrophenol (PNP) production from 4-nitrochlorobenzene and sodium hydroxide. In the process, 4-nitrochlorobenzene reacts with sodium hydroxide producing PNP, which is then concentrated and treated to be obtained as a pure product. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report approaches the production of Paracetamol from nitrobenzene and acetic anhydride in the United States. In this process, nitrobenzene is contacted with hydrogen in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid, generating 4-aminophenol (PAP) and aniline by-product. The PAP is then acetylated to produce Paracetamol.
This report analyses the economics of Paracetamol production from 4-nitrochlorobenzene and acetic anhydride in the United States. In the process, 4-nitrochlorobenzene reacts with sodium hydroxide producing para nitro phenol (PNP). The PNP is then subjected to reduction, producing para amino phenol (PAP). The PAP is then acetylated to produce Paracetamol.
This report analyses the economics of Paracetamol production from p-nitrophenol (PNP) and acetic anhydride. The PNP is then subjected to reduction, producing p-aminophenol (PAP). The PAP is then acetylated to produce Paracetamol. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report approaches the conversion of Paracetamol granules into tablets. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
It presents the economics of a process for p-Xylene production from mixed xylenes in the United States, via isomerization followed by ethylbenzene (EB) dealkylation. In this process, a mixture of C8 aromatics is sent to an adsorption unit for the recovery of p-Xylene. The remaining xylenes are isomerized to equilibrium and the EB is dealkylated to benzene by-product.
It presents the economics of a typical process for p-Xylene production from mixed xylenes in the United States. In this process, o-xylene is also generated as by-product.
This report examines the costs related to a typical process for p-Xylene production from mixed xylenes via adsorption and isomerization in the United States. The remaining xylenes as well as the ethylbenzene are isomerized and recycled to the adsorption unit.
This report analyses the economics of a process for p-Xylene production from mixed xylenes in the United States. In this process, a mixture of C8 aromatics is sent to a crystallization recovery unit for p-Xylene separation. The remaining xylenes are isomerized to equilibrium and the EB is dealkylated to benzene by-product.
This report presents the economics of p-Xylene production from toluene in the United States. In this study, p-Xylene is generated via a typical toluene disproportionation process (TDP).
This study presents the economics of a toluene disproportionation process similar to PxMax developed by ExxonMobil for p-Xylene production in the United States.
This report examines the costs related to a process for p-Xylene production from toluene in the United States. In this study, p-Xylene is produced via a selective toluene disproportionation process. High-purity benzene is also obtained as by-product.
This report examines the costs of a typical disproportionation and transalkylation process for p-Xylene production from toluene and C9 aromatics in the United States. Benzene is obtained as by-product.
This report presents the economics of a typical transalkylation process for p-Xylene production from Toluene and C9 aromatics in the United States.
This report presents the economics of industrial Pentaerythritol (PER) production from acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in the United States. The acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are reacted to PER via aldol addition and reduction in alkaline medium, using pentaerythrose as intermediate.
This study provides the economics of Pentaerythritol production starting from acetaldehyde and methanol in the United States. In this process, methanol is first converted to formaldehyde over a silver catalyst, which is then combined with acetaldehyde in alkaline medium to form Pentaerythritol.
This study presents the costs associated with Green Polymer Grade (PG) Ethylene production from ethanol in the United States using a process similar to the processes developed by Braskem and Petrobras. In this process, the reaction system is composed of multiple reactors and multiple furnaces.
This study concerns Green Polymer Grade (PG) Ethylene production in the United States. The technology examined in this report is similar to the one developed by Dow Chemical. In this process, a selective oxidation reactor is used in the purification step to remove CO and hydrogen from the process.
This report approaches the economics of Green Polymer Grade (PG) Ethylene production from hydrous ethanol using a dehydration process similar to the process developed by Scientific Design. In this process, the reaction system is composed of only one reactor and one furnace. The study also assumes a plant constructed in the United States.
This report examines the costs related to Polymer Grade (PG) Ethylene production via purification of an ethylene-rich stream obtained from a typical ethane steam cracking plant. The economic analysis performed is based on a plant constructed in the United States.
This report examines the costs related to Polymer Grade (PG) Propylene production from refinery grade (RG) propylene, via a typical purification process. Propane stream is generated as by-product. The economic analysis performed assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of a typical Phenethyl Alcohol production process from benzene, ethylene oxide, and aluminum chloride in the United States via a Friedel-Crafts reaction. In the process, benzene and ethylene oxide reacts in the presence of Aluminum trichloride, producing an addition product, which is hydrolyzed to the Phenethyl Alcohol.
This study presents the economics of Phenol production from benzene and hydrogen peroxide in the United States using a process similar to the one proposed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. In this process, benzene is directly oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to Phenol, using a vanadyl pyrophosphate catalyst.
This report presents a feasibility analysis of Phenol production from cumene in the United States using a typical hydroperoxidation process. Initially this process, benzene is subjected to an alkylation reaction with propylene to produce cumene, which is oxidized with air to cumene hydroperoxide. This intermediate is then cleft to yield Phenol and acetone.
This report presents a feasibility analysis of Phenol production from cumene in the United States using a typical hydroperoxidation process. In this process, cumene is oxidized with air to cumene hydroperoxide, which is then cleft to produce Phenol and acetone.
This study reviews the economics of a process producing Phenol from toluene. Initially, toluene is oxidized to benzoic acid intermediate in liquid phase, which is then converted to Phenol in the liquid phase in the presence of cupric and magnesium benzoates. The economic analysis presented assumes a plant constructed in the United States.
This report presents the economics of a conventional batch polymerization for Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins production, starting from phenol and formalin. The economic analysis approaches a plant located on the United States.
This study presents the economics of Phenthoate production from EBPA, phosphorus pentasulfide, toluene, and methanol in the United States. In this process, phosphorus pentasulfide is dissolved in toluene and mixed with methanol to obtain O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphoric acid (TPA). The acid is neutralized with ammonia, and finally the resulting ammonium salt reacts with EBPA to produce phenthoate.
This report presents a feasibility analysis of Phenylmethyldichlorosilanes production starting from benzene and methyldichlorosilanes. In this batch process, benzene and methyldichlorosilane are mixed with a boron trichloride solution - which works as catalyst for the reaction. The study assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the costs associated with the construction of a plant producing Phosgene from chlorine and carbon monoxide over activated carbon in the United States.